Which theory has used General Systems Theory as a framework for its development?

Which theory has used General Systems Theory as a framework for its development?

• A. Florence Nightingale's Environment Theory
• B. Hildegard E. Peplau's Psychodynamic Nursing Theory
• C. Martha E. Rogers' Science of Unitary Beings
• D. Neuman's Model

Answer: (D)

General Systems Theory envisions living beings as open systems that continually interact with their environment, with boundaries, inputs, outputs, and feedback that influence stability. Neuman’s Health Care Systems Model is built directly on that framework. It treats the client as a holistic system exposed to internal and external stressors, with defenses that can be strengthened to prevent disruption and with a reconstitution process to restore balance after stress. This clear alignment with systems thinking—the idea that change in one part of a system affects the whole and that interventions can shield or restore the entire system—explains why Neuman’s model was developed from General Systems Theory. By contrast, Nightingale’s theory centers on environmental conditions and their impact on health, Peplau’s theory centers on nurse–client interpersonal relations, and Rogers’s approach describes energy fields and unitary beings, not the GST-based framework used by Neuman.

General Systems Theory envisions living beings as open systems that continually interact with their environment, with boundaries, inputs, outputs, and feedback that influence stability. Neuman’s Health Care Systems Model is built directly on that framework. It treats the client as a holistic system exposed to internal and external stressors, with defenses that can be strengthened to prevent disruption and with a reconstitution process to restore balance after stress. This clear alignment with systems thinking—the idea that change in one part of a system affects the whole and that interventions can shield or restore the entire system—explains why Neuman’s model was developed from General Systems Theory. By contrast, Nightingale’s theory centers on environmental conditions and their impact on health, Peplau’s theory centers on nurse–client interpersonal relations, and Rogers’s approach describes energy fields and unitary beings, not the GST-based framework used by Neuman.